The thyroid is a small but highly influential gland located at the front of the neck. It controls metabolism, energy balance, heart rhythm and many other vital functions of the body. Over- or underproduction of thyroid hormones affects not only the body’s overall balance but also directly influences eye health. Eye problems that develop due to thyroid disorders are medically known as thyroid ophthalmopathy or Graves’ ophthalmopathy.

Op. Dr. Diclehan emphasizes that thyroid disorders are not only an endocrine problem but may also have serious consequences for eye health. He notes that eye symptoms, particularly in hyperthyroidism, can significantly reduce a patient’s quality of life.

Effects of Thyroid Disorders on the Eyes

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland works excessively and produces too much hormone. This causes swelling of the tissues around the eyes, thickening of the muscles and protrusion of the eyeballs. Commonly described as “bulging eyes,” this condition leads to both cosmetic and functional problems.

Op. Dr. Diclehan highlights the importance of early diagnosis of thyroid-related eye disease because the optic nerve may come under pressure during this process and permanent vision loss may occur.

Hypothyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when the thyroid gland works insufficiently. In this situation, symptoms such as dryness, swelling, tiredness of the eyes and blurred vision are more common. Eyelid swelling and a constant feeling of discomfort are also frequently reported.

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system overstimulates the thyroid gland. This disease causes serious changes in the eyes, including protrusion of the eyeballs, double vision, light sensitivity and eyelid retraction.

Op. Dr. Diclehan states that Graves’ ophthalmopathy is the most serious thyroid-related eye disease and requires a multidisciplinary treatment approach.

Symptoms of Thyroid-Related Eye Disease

Symptoms vary from patient to patient, but the most common include:

• Swelling and edema around the eyes
• Protrusion of the eyes (exophthalmos)
• Double or blurred vision
• Eyelid retraction
• Redness, burning and watering of the eyes
• Extreme sensitivity to light
• Dry eyes

In some cases, symptoms remain mild, while in others they progress and may compress the optic nerve. Op. Dr. Diclehan stresses that patients with thyroid disease experiencing these symptoms should undergo an eye examination without delay.

Diagnosis of Thyroid Eye Disease

Clinical Examination

The ophthalmologist listens to the patient’s complaints and carefully evaluates eye movements, eyelid structure and level of vision.

Imaging Techniques

CT (Computed Tomography) or MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) are used to assess thickening of the eye muscles and changes in surrounding tissues.

Laboratory Tests

Thyroid hormone levels and autoimmune antibody tests play a major role in diagnosis.

Op. Dr. Diclehan underlines that correct diagnosis should be made in cooperation between the ophthalmologist and endocrinologist.

Treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease

Medication

Balancing thyroid hormone levels helps reduce eye symptoms. Anti-thyroid drugs, corticosteroids and immunosuppressive medications are commonly used.

Radiotherapy

Low-dose radiotherapy may be applied to reduce inflammation in the eye muscles.

Surgical Treatment

In advanced cases where the eyes protrude significantly or the optic nerve is compressed, orbital decompression surgery is performed. Muscle surgery may also be required in patients with double vision.

Op. Dr. Diclehan emphasizes that surgical treatment should be performed in experienced centers and must always be tailored to each patient.

Lifestyle Recommendations for Thyroid-Related Eye Disease

• Have regular thyroid check-ups
• Protect the eyes from sunlight by wearing sunglasses
• Avoid smoking, as it worsens thyroid eye disease
• Maintain adequate sleep and a balanced diet
• Use artificial tears to relieve dryness

Op. Dr. Diclehan states that these measures support treatment and help improve quality of life.

Frequently Asked Questions About Thyroid and Eye Health

Can thyroid disease cause permanent eye damage?
Yes. If left untreated, pressure on the optic nerve may lead to permanent vision loss.

Can bulging eyes return to normal?
Mild cases may improve with treatment, but advanced cases may require surgery.

Does treating the thyroid completely eliminate eye symptoms?
Balancing hormone levels can reduce symptoms, but eye findings may not always disappear completely.

Op. Dr. Diclehan emphasizes that each patient’s condition progresses differently and treatment must be individualized.

Thyroid disorders affect not only metabolism but also directly impact eye health. Swelling, redness, double vision and even vision loss may occur, but with early diagnosis and regular follow-up, these conditions can be controlled. With a multidisciplinary approach, both thyroid balance and eye health can be protected.

Op. Dr. Diclehan reminds patients that regular eye examinations should never be neglected, as sight is one of the most valuable senses that directly affects quality of life.