A stye is a common eyelid infection that appears as a painful, red, and swollen nodule on the eyelid. Medically known as hordeolum, it usually develops as a result of bacterial infections affecting the eyelash follicles or the glands in the eyelid. Although a stye is a very common condition, it is often misunderstood or underestimated. However, if proper care is not taken, a stye may progress, cause severe pain, and even lead to permanent hardening of the eyelid tissue. Op. Dr. Diclehan emphasizes that the eyelid is an important defense structure of the eye and that blockage of the oil glands together with bacterial growth, if left untreated, may lead to more serious infections.
In most cases, a stye is harmless and tends to heal on its own within a few days; however, in some situations medical treatment may be required. Understanding how a stye develops, what causes it, and which factors increase the risk helps speed up recovery and prevent recurrences. Since the eyelid skin is thin and sensitive, inflammatory conditions in this region may cause significant discomfort both visually and functionally.
This article explains in detail what a stye is, why it occurs, its risk factors, symptoms, and the mechanism behind its development.
A stye is a localized infection that develops when the oil glands in the eyelid become blocked and bacteria multiply in that area. Most styes are associated with the Meibomian glands located at the base of the eyelashes. These glands produce an oily secretion that helps keep the eye surface moist. When the gland duct becomes blocked, oil and bacteria accumulate inside, leading to inflammation and swelling.
A stye commonly presents with:
The infection may begin as a small point and then spread along the eyelid or form a firmer lump. The size of a stye varies from person to person depending on how severely the gland is blocked and how fast the infection progresses.
External Stye
Occurs when the eyelash follicle oil glands are blocked. It appears on the outer part of the eyelid near the lash line and usually develops more superficially and matures faster.
Internal Stye
Occurs due to blockage of the Meibomian glands inside the eyelid. It is deeper, often more painful, and may take longer to heal.
The formation of a stye is mainly related to
As the oil accumulates inside the blocked gland, bacteria penetrate the area and multiply, leading to infection. The eyelid tissue then becomes inflamed, warm, swollen, and painful. A stye is essentially a small abscess, and as it matures, a white or yellow tip may form, indicating that it is about to drain.
In severe cases, the entire eyelid may swell and discharge may occur.
A stye is not directly contagious; however, bacteria can spread from one eye to the other or to another person indirectly. Therefore, you should avoid sharing towels, makeup products, or rubbing your eyes.
Chalazion (Permanent Lump)
Sometimes a firm lump remains after the infection resolves.
Spread of Infection
The infection may extend into deeper eyelid tissues.
Periorbital Cellulitis
A serious inflammatory condition requiring urgent treatment.
Recurrence may indicate:
Regular eyelid cleansing and appropriate medical care are recommended for recurrent cases.
A stye is a common eye condition caused by blockage and bacterial infection of the eyelid glands. When treated properly, it is usually harmless; however, if neglected, it may progress into more serious eyelid infections or cause permanent lumps such as chalazion. Understanding the causes, recognizing risk factors, and maintaining eyelid hygiene not only speeds up recovery but also prevents recurrence.
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