Amblyopia and Strabismus

Eye health is an important factor that directly affects an individual’s quality of daily life. Especially in childhood, undetected or late-diagnosed amblyopia and strabismus can lead to permanent vision problems. These two conditions are often confused with each other or occur together. However, each has different causes, symptoms, and treatment methods.

In this article, we will thoroughly examine the concepts of amblyopia and strabismus, detailing their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment processes. We will also present, in light of Op. Dr. Diclehan’s expert opinions, what patients should pay attention to.

What is Amblyopia?

Amblyopia, medically known as amblyopia, occurs when one eye develops less than the other. In this condition, the eye may be structurally healthy, but since the brain does not adequately process the image from that eye, visual acuity decreases.

This condition usually emerges in childhood and, if not diagnosed early, can cause permanent vision loss. Insufficient use of the eye negatively affects the development of the visual center over time.

What is Strabismus?

Strabismus is the inability of both eyes to focus on the same point due to improper functioning of the eye muscles. While one eye looks straight ahead, the other may turn inward, outward, upward, or downward.

This condition is not only an aesthetic issue but also leads to serious vision problems. Especially when strabismus begins in childhood, it may result in double vision, impaired depth perception, and eventually amblyopia.

The Relationship Between Amblyopia and Strabismus

Amblyopia and strabismus are often seen together, because the focusing problem in the strabismic eye causes the brain to suppress the image from that eye. Over time, this leads to amblyopia.

Op. Dr. Diclehan emphasizes that diagnosing both conditions together at an early age is vital for a successful treatment process.

Causes of Amblyopia

• Strabismus (Strabismus): One of the most common causes. To cope with two different images, the brain suppresses the image from the strabismic eye.
• Refractive Errors: If problems such as myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism are more pronounced in one eye, that eye may not be used enough and can become amblyopic over time.
• Eyelid Problems: Congenital droopy eyelids (ptosis) may prevent normal visual development.
• Cataract or Corneal Opacity: Conditions that block visual transmission may also cause amblyopia.

Causes of Strabismus

• Genetic Factors: Individuals with a family history of strabismus are at higher risk.
• Nerve and Muscle Problems: Malfunctions in the nerves controlling the eye muscles can lead to strabismus.
• Brain Tumors or Trauma: Though rare, increased intracranial pressure can also cause strabismus.
• Congenital Developmental Disorders: Some infants are born with poor coordination of the eye muscles.

Symptoms of Amblyopia and Strabismus

Amblyopia usually progresses silently and is difficult to detect. However, the following may be clues

• Inability to see clearly with one eye
• Poor depth perception
• Lack of improvement in vision despite wearing glasses
• Habit of covering one eye

Strabismus, on the other hand, presents with more obvious signs

• Eye misalignment
• Tilting the head
• Double vision
• Watery eyes or headaches
• Eye strain

Diagnostic Process

Op. Dr. Diclehan notes that the diagnostic process must be carried out meticulously. Routine eye exams performed at an early age are the most effective way to detect amblyopia and strabismus early.

The main diagnostic methods include

• Visual acuity tests
• Measurement of refractive errors
• Evaluation of eye movements
• Fundus (retina) examination
• Cover/uncover tests

Treatment Methods

Amblyopia Treatment

Treatment for amblyopia is based on encouraging use of the weaker eye. The best results are generally achieved during childhood.

• Patching: Covering the healthy eye to force the amblyopic eye to work.
• Orthoptic Exercises: Computer-assisted exercises to stimulate the eye muscles.
• Glasses or Contact Lenses: Correcting refractive errors to achieve clear vision.
• Atropine Drops: Temporarily blurring the healthy eye to make the weaker one work.

Strabismus Treatment

The goal of strabismus treatment is to ensure both eyes work together in harmony.

• Glasses: Corrective lenses are useful, especially for inward deviation.
• Prism Lenses: Help align images.
• Surgery: Strengthening or weakening certain muscles to restore balance.
• Botox Injections: Temporarily paralyzing some muscles to create balance.

Op. Dr. Diclehan states that treatment decisions should be made based on the child’s age, angle of deviation, and muscle structure.

Amblyopia and Strabismus in Adults

Treatment of these conditions in adults is more difficult, since the plasticity of the visual system is much greater in childhood. However, success can still be achieved with various surgical, optical, and orthoptic methods.

Op. Dr. Diclehan notes that there are promising developments for adults as well, and strabismus surgery in particular often yields successful results.

Advice for Families and Educators

Amblyopia and strabismus can directly affect children’s academic success, social relationships, and self-confidence. Therefore, it is essential for families and teachers to be aware of eye health.

Points to consider include

Eye examinations at ages 1, 3, and school entry to screen for amblyopia

• Not ignoring behaviors such as watching TV up close or using only one eye
• Early screening if there is a family history of strabismus or amblyopia
• Strictly following the doctor’s recommended treatment plan for amblyopia

Preventability and Preventive Health

In many cases, amblyopia and strabismus are preventable with early diagnosis. Preventive health services, school screenings, and family awareness play a decisive role in this process.

Op. Dr. Diclehan frequently emphasizes the importance of preschool screenings in Turkey. In particular, the 0–7 age range is critical for eye health.

Psychological Effects

Eye disorders have not only physical but also psychological effects. Strabismus, especially, may cause social anxiety and lack of self-confidence due to aesthetic concerns.

Amblyopia can lead to weak visual skills in children, resulting in learning difficulties. Therefore, treatment should be both medical and psychologically supportive.

Modern Treatment Methods and Technological Advances

Today, innovative technologies play an important role in treating amblyopia and strabismus

• Virtual Reality (VR) Therapies: Fun software that encourages the eyes to work together
• Digital Exercise Applications: Engaging games that stimulate the weaker eye
• 3D Imaging Systems: Providing high accuracy in diagnosis and treatment monitoring

Op. Dr. Diclehan states that such advances significantly increase treatment compliance, especially in younger children.

Amblyopia and strabismus are common childhood conditions, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, successful outcomes can be achieved. If not detected and treated early, both conditions may result in lifelong visual problems.

As public awareness increases, early diagnosis rates will also rise. It is especially important for families and teachers to be sensitive on this issue. Every investment in eye health is an investment in quality of life.

Op. Dr. Diclehan has achieved clinical success through years of work in this field while also contributing to raising public awareness. Therefore, individuals suspected of having amblyopia or strabismus should consult an eye specialist without delay.